Latin American Economic Area

The objectives of the subject “Latin American Economic Area” are the following:

1. To define the characteristics of the Latin American Economic Area of the Western-Christian Civilisation
2. To analyse the influence of Christianity on the Latin American Economic Area
3. To know the economic profile of the Latin American Countries
4. To analyse the businesspeople profile in the Latin American Economic Area
5. To understand the economic integration process in Latin America (Western-Christian Civilisation)
6. To know the economic relations with the other civilisations (Sinic, Hindu, Islamic, African, Buddhist) and with the other areas of the Western-Christian Civilisation (Europe, Caribbean, United States)
7. To analyse the main economic organisations related to the Latin American Economic Area

Related Subjects to the “Latin American Economic Area.”

1- Introduction to the Latin American Economic Area of the Western-Christian Civilisation (American)

1. South American sub-continent
2. Christianity in Latin America
3. Latin American Countries
4. Latin American Economy

2- Processes of the Latin American Economic Integration of the Western Civilisation (Economic Organisations, Trade Agreements) and the interactions with the other civilisations.

2.1- Latin American Integration Association (ALADI)

2.2- Integration in South America.

1. Introduction to the MERCOSUR
2. Member countries of the MERCOSUR: Argentina, Brazil, Paraguay, and Uruguay
3. Incorporation of Bolivia (accession process) and Venezuela
4. MERCOSUR Interactions through the Free Trade Agreements (FTA) with
   1. Christian Civilisation
      1. European Economic Area: European Union-Mercosur (EU)
      2. Latin American Economic Area: Chile, Andean Community, Mexico, and Peru
   2. Hindu Civilisation: India
   3. With the Islamic Civilisation / African Civilisation: Egypt
   4. With the African Civilisation: Agreement with the Southern African Customs Union (Not in force)
   5. With Israel
   6. Africa-BRICS Cooperation (Brazil)

2.3- The Case of Chile (40% of the Chilean foreign trade is made with Asia).

1. Chilean integration and FTAs with the Western-Christian Civilisation
   1. Latin America: ALADI, MERCOSUR (associated), Andean Community (associated), Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Mexico, Central America, and Panama. Pacific Alliance (Chile, Colombia, Mexico, and Peru)
   2. North America: United States and Canada
   3. Europe: European Union (EU), European Free Trade Association (EFTA)
   4. FTA with Australia
2. Agreement with the Islamic Civilisation: FTA with Turkey
3. Agreements with the Sinic-Buddhist Civilisation: China, Japan, and South Korea
4. Agreements with the Hindu Civilisation: India
5. Inter-civilisation Agreements:
   1. Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
   2. Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP)

2.4- Andean Countries.

1. Andean Community
2. Andean Countries: Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru
3. Integration and Free Trade Agreements (FTA) with:
   1. Christian Civilisation - Latin America:
      1. The Andean Community has agreements with the MERCOSUR, Chile, Mexico, and Panama
      2. ALADI (all countries of the Andean Community), Chile-Ecuador
      3. Colombian FTA: Mexico, Chile, the CARICOM, and the Northern Triangle (El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras)
      4. Peruvian FTA: MERCOSUR, Chile
   2. Christian Civilisation - North America:
      1. United States (FTA): United States-Colombia, United States-Peru Free Trade Agreement (FTA)
      2. Canada (FTA): Colombia-Canada, Peru-Canada Free Trade Agreement (FTA)
   3. Christian Civilisation - European: Association Agreement with the European Union (EU-Colombia, Peru), Colombia-European Free Trade Association FTA and Peru-EFTA FTA
   4. Hindu Civilisation: India
   5. Orthodox Civilisation: Russia
   6. Sinic - Buddhist Civilisation: Andean Community-China. Peru has agreements with China, Singapore, and South Korea
   7. Peruvian inter-civilisation Agreements: APEC and TPP.

2.5- The case of Mexico: a Latin American country with the most FTA and a member of the USMCA/NAFTA 2.0.

1. Mexican Market
2. Mexican Free Trade Agreements (FTA)
3. Mexican integration and trade agreements with the Western-Christian Civilisation:
   1. Latin America: ALADI, Northern Triangle (El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras), Colombia, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Uruguay, Chile, MERCOSUR, Andean Community, Peru, and Ecuador
   2. North America: United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement (USMCA/NAFTA 2.0)
   3. Europe: European Union (EU), European Free Trade Association (EFTA)
4. Mexican Agreements with the Sinic Civilisation - Buddhist: Japan
5. Agreement with Israel
6. Inter-civilisation Agreements:
   1. Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC)
   2. Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP)

2.6- Central America

1. Economy of Central America
2. Central American Common Market - Integrated with the SICA -
3. Central American Integration System (SICA)
4. Central American Countries: Belize, Costa Rica, El Salvador, Honduras, Guatemala, Nicaragua, and Panama. The Dominican Republic
5. The case of Guyana and Suriname
6. Central America Free Trade Agreements (FTA)
   1. Agreements with the Western-Christian Civilisation
      1. Latin America: FTA agreements with Panama, Central America and the Dominican Republic. Nicaragua and Costa Rica have a Free Trade Agreement with Mexico. Panama has a Free Trade Agreement with Chile. Andean Community-Panama
         The Northern Triangle countries Agreements (El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras) with Mexico and Colombia
      2. North America: CAFTA-DR agreement (United States-Central America-Dominican Republic), Honduras-Canada, Canada-Costa Rica, Panama-Canada, United States-Panama Free Trade Agreement (FTA)
      3. The Caribbean: Caribbean Community-Costa Rica Free Trade Agreement (FTA)
      4. Europe: Association Agreement with the European Union, EFTA-Central America
   2. Agreements with the Sinic Civilisation.
      1. Taiwan has trade agreements with Honduras and El Salvador, Guatemala, Nicaragua, and Panama
      2. China-Costa Rica FTA
      3. Singapore-Panama FTA

Other Economic Institutions and Organisations related to the integration in Latin America.

1. Organisation of American States (OAS)
2. Community of Latin American and Caribbean States (CELAC)
3. Inter-American Development Bank (BID)
4. Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC)
5. Latin American and Caribbean Economic System (SELA)
6. Union of South American Nations (UNASUR)
7. Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America (ALBA)
8. Mesoamerica Project
9. Association of Caribbean States (ACS)
10. CARICOM

Relationships of Latin America with Asia, the Muslim Countries, and Africa.

1. Forum for East Asia-Latin America Cooperation (FEALAC)
2. Summit of South American-Arab Countries (ASPA)
3. Africa-South America Summit (ASA)

Description: Latin American Economic Area of the Western-Christian Civilisation.

The Latin American Countries seek to integrate their economies. Several integration projects are underway: UNASUR, ALADI, ALBA, MERCOSUR, and the Andean Community. Latin America seeks its identity based on a common history (former colonies), language (Spanish and Portuguese), religious (Christianity), ethnic (although we should consider the existence of different ethnic groups).

Latin America differs from other areas of the Western-Christian Civilisation in several aspects: influence of the Amerindian religions, no influence of Protestant Reformation, the Latin American Countries were colonies rather than colonisers.

Christianity is the main religion of Latin America. Latin America has been eminently Catholic, but Protestantism is becoming increasingly important.

The Latin American Countries of the Pacific are increasingly turning to the Asia-Pacific region (Chile, Peru, and Mexico belong to the APEC). Perhaps Mexico is an exception (member of the USMCA/NAFTA 2.0). Surely, Brazil is becoming the Central State.

Several Latin American civilisations had arisen in pre-Columbian times. Arnold Toynbee identified four pre-Columbian civilisations: the Andean civilisation (the Universal State was the Inca Empire, and Inca religion -Viracocha-), Maya (Mayan religions, polytheistic), Mexican and Yucatan (absorbed by the Mexican), none has survived. Although it should also be considered Olmec civilisation (Mexico).

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